谷物运输操作流程及专业指南

谷物运输操作流程及专业指南

（Grain Transportation Operational Procedures and Professional Guidelines）

摘要

（Abstract）

本文详细阐述了谷物运输的全流程操作规范，涵盖从接收航次指令到最终卸货的各个关键环节。结合航运界专业术语与实践经验，针对每个环节提供了相对专业的指导，包括航次指令核实、配载计划制定、货舱准备、信息核对、验舱流程、货物装载、单证签署、熏舱操作、航行监控、到港准备及卸货管理等内容，旨在为航运从业人员提供系统的操作指引，确保谷物运输安全高效进行。

This paper elaborates on the full-process operational specifications for grain transportation, covering all key links from receiving voyage instructions to final discharge. Combining professional terms and practical experience in the shipping industry, it provides professional guidance for each link, including verification of voyage instructions, stowage plan formulation, cargo hold preparation, information verification, hold inspection procedures, cargo loading, document signing, fumigation operations, navigation monitoring, arrival preparation and discharge management, aiming to provide systematic operational guidance for shipping practitioners to ensure safe and efficient grain transportation.

1. 接收航次指令

（Receiving Voyage Instructions）

收到船舶装载谷物的航次指令后，需立即对以下关键信息进行严格核实，确保航行计划的准确性和可行性：

我认知Upon receiving the voyage instructions for the vessel to load grain, the following key information must be immediately and strictly verified to ensure the accuracy and feasibility of the voyage plan:

1.货物种类（Cargo type）：明确所运谷物的具体品种，如小麦、大豆、玉米等，不同品种可能有不同的运输要求。

2.装卸港口（Loading and discharging ports）：确认装货港和卸货港的具体名称、位置及相关设施条件。

3.吃水限制（Draft restrictions）：了解装卸港口及航行途中的最大允许吃水，以便合理安排货物装载量。

4.受载期（Laycan）：明确船舶必须抵达装货港并做好装货准备的时间范围，确保按时履行运输合同。

5.准备就绪通知书（NOR）递交：确定 NOR 的递交条件、时间和地点，这关系到装卸时间的起算。

6.提单签发（Bill of Lading issuance）：明确是否授权代理签发提单，如授权，需签发授权书（LOA），并明确提单的签发条款和要求。

专业指导：

在核实航次指令时，应与船东、租家保持密切沟通，对于模糊或有疑问的信息，需及时澄清，避免因信息误差导致后续运输问题。同时，要将核实后的信息整理归档，作为后续操作的依据。

Professional guidance: When verifying voyage instructions, close communication with the shipowner and charterer should be maintained. For ambiguous or questionable information, timely clarification is required to avoid subsequent transportation problems due to information errors. Meanwhile, the verified information should be sorted and filed as the basis for subsequent operations.

2. 制定配载图、装卸货次序及填写谷物稳性计算表格

（Formulating Stowage Plan, Loading/Unloading Sequence and Filling Grain Stability Calculation Forms）

根据港口吃水限制、货物积载因数以及船舶油水储备等信息，制定预配载图和相应的装货次序。同时，需依据不同国家（主要为美国、加拿大和澳大利亚）对谷物稳性的要求，进行谷物稳性计算，确保在整个航次（包括装货港、加油港和卸货港）都能满足稳性要求。

Based on the port's draft restrictions, cargo stowage factor, and the vessel's oil and water reserves, formulate a pre-stowage plan and corresponding loading sequence. Meanwhile, grain stability calculations must be conducted in accordance with the requirements of different countries (mainly the United States, Canada, and Australia) to ensure that stability requirements are met throughout the voyage (including loading ports, bunkering ports, and discharging ports).

配载图和卸货次序的制定需综合考虑以下因素：

The formulation of stowage plan and unloading sequence must comprehensively consider the following factors:

● 船舶稳性（Vessel stability）：确保船舶在各种工况下具有足够的稳性，防止倾覆。

● 弯矩和剪力（Bending moment and shear force）：避免船舶结构因受力过大而受损。

● 吃水（Draft）：结合载重线、航行区域及油水消耗等情况，尽量实现最大装载，以满足租家的最大利益。

专业指导：

在制定配载图时，利用专业的船舶配载软件，提高配载的准确性和效率。同时，要组织大副、轮机长等关键岗位人员进行评审，确保配载方案的安全性和合理性。对于谷物稳性计算，需严格按照相关国家的规范和标准进行，留存计算过程和结果记录，以备查验。

Professional guidance: When formulating the stowage plan, professional ship stowage software can be used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of stowage. Meanwhile, key personnel such as the chief officer and chief engineer should be organized for review to ensure the safety and rationality of the stowage plan. For grain stability calculation, it must be carried out in strict accordance with the specifications and standards of relevant countries, and the calculation process and result records should be retained for inspection.

3. 货仓准备（Cargo Hold Preparation）

船舶装载谷物对货仓的清洁度和干燥度要求极高，具体标准如下：

Vessels loading grain have extremely high requirements for the cleanliness and dryness of cargo holds, with specific standards as follows:

● 无残货、锈块、锈皮、漆皮及可移动的其他货物及痕迹。

● 污水井清洁，货仓完全晾干。

● 通过白手套测试（White glove test）。

即：clean, dry, free of loose paint/rust/loose rust/scale, free of any stains or residues of previous cargo (es), free of bugs, washed down by fresh water and dried.

验舱官通常重点关注以下位置：

Surveyors usually focus on the following positions:

1.直梯（Straight ladder）。

2.如货仓配备走道（catwalks），将通过走道评估顶部框架状况。

3.舱壁肋板（frames (side & behind)）。

4.U 型螺栓、支架、管道等后方区域（areas behind u-bolts, brackets, pipes etc.）。

5.直梯和澳大利亚式梯平台的扶手和角铁（hand railings and angle bars of Straight and Australian ladder platforms）。

6.每个货仓的角落（corners of each cargo hold）。

7.可移动人孔盖（removable manhole covers），将检查盖子下方。

8.舱底（Tank top）应无铁锈和碎屑。

9.甲板下方（悬垂部分、横甲板）区域（Underdeck (overhang, crossdeck) areas）。

10.污水滤网 / 玫瑰箱（Bilge strainer/rose boxes）。

专业指导：

货仓的清理和准备工作应提前制定详细计划，明确各岗位人员的职责。清理过程中，要使用合适的工具和清洁剂，确保达到验舱标准。对于重点关注区域，应进行反复检查和清理。货仓准备的详细操作将在单独的《谷物运输 - 备仓》中进行介绍。

Professional guidance: A detailed plan for the cleaning and preparation of cargo holds should be formulated in advance, clarifying the responsibilities of personnel in each position. During the cleaning process, appropriate tools and cleaning agents should be used to ensure that the hold inspection standards are met. For key attention areas, repeated inspections and cleanings should be carried out. The detailed operation of cargo hold preparation will be introduced in a separate article "Grain Transportation - Hold Preparation".

4. 与代理和发货人核对相关信息

（Verifying Relevant Information with Agents and Shippers）

租家指定代理后，应提前与代理进一步核实以下信息：

After the charterer designates an agent, the following information should be further verified with the agent in advance:

● 港口吃水（Port draft）。

● 水密度（Water density）。

● 装货是否使用船舶吊货设备（克令吊、抓斗）（Whether to use the vessel's cargo handling equipment (crane, grab) for loading）。

对于货物信息，以大豆为例，如货物申报信息中包含以下内容：

For cargo information, taking soybeans as an example, if the cargo declaration information includes the following:

DAMAGED BEANS - BASIS 8%, MAX. 8.5%, OF WHICH

HEAT DAMAGED AND BURNED MAX - MAX. 4%, BEING

BURNED MAXI 1%

MOULDY - MAX. 6%

BROKEN BEANS - MAX. 30%

GREENISH BEANS- MAX. 8%

船长应立即通知船东和管理公司，并在公司的指导下签发相应的海事声明（LOP），避免因坏损货物含量过高在卸货港遭遇麻烦。

The captain should immediately notify the shipowner and management company, and issue the corresponding Letter of Protest (LOP) under the guidance of the company to avoid troubles at the discharging port due to excessive content of damaged goods.

同时，需核实最终装船的货物数量是由岸数还是水尺检验来确定。

At the same time, it is necessary to verify whether the final quantity of goods loaded on board is determined by shore scale or draft survey.

专业指导：

与代理和发货人的信息核对应采用书面形式，确保信息的准确性和可追溯性。对于货物质量信息，如发现不符合合同约定的情况，应及时提出异议，并留存相关证据，为后续的索赔或协商提供依据。

Professional guidance: The verification of information with agents and shippers should be in writing to ensure the accuracy and traceability of information. For cargo quality information, if it is found to be inconsistent with the contract, objections should be raised in a timely manner, and relevant evidence should be retained to provide a basis for subsequent claims or negotiations.

5. 到港验舱（Hold Inspection upon Arrival）

& 核对谷物稳性计算表

船舶到达装货港后，应根据航次指令及时递交准备就绪通知书（NOR）。通常可能会在锚地进行货仓检验。船舶收到验舱人员登船检查的具体时间后，应根据检查人员的要求提前安放好舷梯或引水梯，舷梯口要有穿戴干净整洁的船员值守，驾驶台由当班驾驶员值守并守听甚高频（VHF）。

After the vessel arrives at the loading port, it should submit the Notice of Readiness (NOR) in a timely manner in accordance with the voyage instructions. Cargo hold inspection is usually carried out at the anchorage. After receiving the specific time for the surveyors to board for inspection, the vessel should place the gangway or pilot ladder in advance according to the requirements of the inspectors. Crew members dressed neatly and cleanly should be on duty at the gangway entrance, and the on-duty deck officer should be on duty at the bridge and monitor the VHF.

在验舱员检查期间，热情好客是成功通过检查不可忽略的因素。应确保船员注意倾听验舱师的意见和指导建议，在任何阶段，都不应让验舱员觉得自己没有被倾听或不被重视。建议船长和大副亲自与验舱师一起参加货仓检查。

During the inspection by the surveyor, hospitality is an indispensable factor for successfully passing the inspection. Crew members should be ensured to listen carefully to the opinions and guidance of the surveyor. At any stage, the surveyor should not feel unheard or unvalued. It is recommended that the captain and chief officer personally participate in the cargo hold inspection together with the surveyor.

确保船员遵守安全标准，在检查期间穿戴适当的个人防护装备（当然，在任何时候都需要）。船员最好不要穿脏的工作服，因为这会给人留下不好的印象。

Ensure that crew members comply with safety standards and wear appropriate personal protective equipment during the inspection (of course, it is required at all times). It is better for crew members not to wear dirty boiler suits, as this will leave a bad impression.

检查期间，船员应随时准备好足够的抹布、刮刀、铲斗、软手扫帚和起重绳，以便立即处理验船人指出的小问题。最后一分钟跑来跑去会造成不必要的延误，最终会激怒验舱员。

During the inspection, crew members should be prepared with sufficient rags, scrapers, buckets, soft hand brooms and lifting ropes to immediately deal with minor problems pointed out by the surveyor. Running around at the last minute will cause unnecessary delays and eventually irritate the surveyor.

专业指导：

验舱前，应对货仓进行最后一次全面检查，确保所有准备工作到位。船员应提前熟悉验舱的流程和要求，以便更好地配合验舱员的工作。对于验舱员提出的问题，应及时整改，无法立即整改的，应制定合理的整改计划，并与验舱员沟通协商。

Professional guidance: Before the hold inspection, a final comprehensive inspection of the cargo hold should be carried out to ensure that all preparations are in place. Crew members should be familiar with the process and requirements of the hold inspection in advance to better cooperate with the surveyor. For problems pointed out by the surveyor, rectification should be carried out in a timely manner. For those that cannot be rectified immediately, a reasonable rectification plan should be formulated and communicated with the surveyor.

港口专业验船师会会同货舱检验员一同登轮，与大副现场核算谷物稳性计算表。大副需预先熟悉并依据《谷物装载手册》规范填写，通常不会出现重大偏差。需特别注意的是货舱未满载的情形，此外还须按规范采用满仓而不平仓的工况进行谷物稳性核算。

Port professional surveyors will board the vessel together with cargo hold inspectors to conduct on-site verification of the grain stability calculation forms with the chief officer. If the chief officer familiarizes himself with the relevant requirements in advance and fills in the forms in accordance with the Grain Loading Manual, there will generally be no major issues. Points requiring attention include situations where holds are not fully loaded; in addition, grain stability calculations must be performed in accordance with requirements using  full loaded -Un Trim conditions.

6. 港口货物装载（Loading at Port）

船舶靠泊后，首先对泊位水深进行实际测量（HAND LEAD SOUNGING），结合潮差、富裕水深（UKC）和船舶预计离港的最大吃水，确定泊位水深是否足够。如发现泊位水深不足，则应及时通知租家，要求更换安全泊位。有些港口和泊位适用安全坐底条款条款（NAABSA），需与船东核实确认。

After the vessel berths, first conduct an actual measurement of the berth water depth (HAND LEAD SOUNGING). Combined with the tide difference, Under Keel Clearance (UKC) and the estimated maximum draft of the vessel when leaving the port, determine whether the berth water depth is sufficient. If the berth water depth is found to be insufficient, the charterer should be notified in a timely manner to request a change to a safe berth. Some ports and berths apply the Not Always Afloat But Safety Aground(NAABSA) clause, which needs to be verified and confirmed with the shipowner.

有的码头因岸上装载机高度限制，需要货仓压载调整空高（AIR DRAFT），在排除货仓压载水后则应对货仓内人孔盖进行压力水密测试，防止运输过程中因误操作由人孔溢流出水而导致货物受损。

Some terminals, due to the height limitation of onshore loaders, need to ballast the cargo hold to adjust the air draft. After draining the ballast water from the cargo hold, a pressure watertight test should be conducted on the manhole covers in the cargo hold to prevent cargo damage caused by water overflow from the manhole due to mis- operation during transportation.

装货期间对货物装载进行监督，注意是否有货物溢流（LOP），监测货物温度以便作为航行期间是否可以自然通风的参考因素。船东不接受雨中作业，如下雨则应及时关仓。

During loading, supervise the cargo loading, pay attention to whether there is cargo overflow (LOP), and monitor the cargo temperature as a reference factor for whether natural ventilation is possible during the voyage. The shipowner does not accept operations in the rain, and the hold should be closed in a timely manner if it rains.

专业指导：

装货过程中，应安排专人负责监督，做好装载记录，包括装载时间、装载量、货物温度等信息。对于出现的货物溢流等问题，应及时采取措施处理，并记录相关情况。同时，要密切关注天气变化，提前做好防雨准备。

Professional guidance: During the loading process, special personnel should be assigned to supervise and keep loading records, including loading time, loading quantity, cargo temperature and other information. For problems such as cargo overflow, measures should be taken in a timely manner to deal with them, and relevant situations should be recorded. At the same time, pay close attention to weather changes and make rainproof preparations in advance.

7. 货运单据的签署

（Signing of Shipping Documents）

完货后进行货运单证的签署。如果最终货物的数量是由岸数确定，与水尺测量计算的货数有误差，则应立即通知租家、发货人、船东等，并根据指示签署货物溢短单（LOP），同时要提供水尺报告以做证据。

After the completion of loading, sign the shipping documents. If the final quantity of goods is determined by the shore scale and there is a discrepancy with the quantity calculated by the draft survey, the charterer, shipper, shipowner, etc. should be notified immediately, and a Letter of Protest (LOP) should be signed according to instructions, and a draft survey report should be provided as evidence.

提前核实货物装卸事实记录（SOF），避免出现与事实不符合的错误记录，从而保护租家、船东的利益。同时，核实和签发大副收据（MR）、舱单（cargo manifest）等单据。按照租家指示签发授权代理签发提单的授权书（LOA）。

Verify the Statement of Facts (SOF) in advance to avoid incorrect records inconsistent with the facts, thereby protecting the interests of the charterer and shipowner. At the same time, checking such as the Mate's Receipt (MR) and cargo manifest. Issue a Letter of Authorization (LOA) authorizing the agent to issue the bill of lading in accordance with the charterer's instructions.

专业指导：

签署货运单据前，应对所有单据进行仔细审核，确保单据内容的准确性和完整性。对于单据中的任何疑问，应及时与相关方沟通确认。留存所有单据的副本，以备后续查询和处理可能出现的纠纷。

Professional guidance: Before signing the shipping documents, all documents should be carefully reviewed to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the document content. Any doubts in the documents should be communicated and confirmed with relevant parties in a timely manner. Keep copies of all documents for subsequent inquiries and handling of possible disputes.

8. 熏舱（Fumigation）

谷物装载完毕后，通常在泊位或者锚地进行熏舱工作。船上要按照公司给予的指导建议和检查列表进行操作，并记录和留存熏舱的证据，同时签发关于因熏舱而无法通风可能导致货物自热损害风险的海事声明（LOP），以保护船东利益。

After the grain loading is completed, fumigation is usually carried out at the berth or anchorage. The vessel should operate in accordance with the guidance and inspection list provided by the company, record and retain evidence of fumigation, and issue a Letter of Protest (LOP) regarding the risk of cargo self-heating damage due to inability to ventilate due to fumigation to protect the shipowner's interests.

同时，必须确定好熏舱药物的强制熏蒸期限（根据药剂性质的不同通常大约 10-15 天）。

At the same time, the mandatory fumigation period of the fumigation agent must be determined (usually about 10-15 days depending on the nature of the agent).

专业指导：

熏舱操作必须由经过专业培训的人员进行，严格遵守操作规程和安全注意事项。在熏舱期间，要做好警示标识，禁止无关人员进入。记录熏舱的时间、药物种类和剂量等信息，确保熏舱效果和安全。

Professional guidance: Fumigation operations must be carried out by professionally trained personnel, strictly abiding by operating procedures and safety precautions. During fumigation, warning signs should be set up to prohibit irrelevant personnel from entering. Record information such as the time of fumigation, the type and dosage of the agent to ensure the effect and safety of fumigation.

9. 航行中货物监督、通风和气象信息

（Cargo Supervision, Ventilation and Meteorological Information During Voyage）

船舶从装货港口开航后，在海上航行期间要密切监督货物参数，包括测量污水井、货物温度、通风记录（因熏舱而无法通风要备注）等，每日发送报告给租家、船东和管理公司等。

After the vessel sails from the loading port, during the sea voyage, it is necessary to closely monitor the cargo parameters, including measuring the bilge well, cargo temperature, ventilation records (note if ventilation is not possible due to fumigation), etc., and send daily reports to the charterer, shipowner, management company, etc.

如因空气湿度、温度、下雨、上浪等因素而无法对货仓进行通风，应在报告中明确备注。如船舶遭遇恶劣海况，海水喷溅到舱盖上，在每日报告和甲板日志中要有明确的记录，以备后续可能会因此而造成货损而签发海事声明（LOP）使用。

If ventilation of the cargo hold is not possible due to factors such as air humidity, temperature, rain, and boarding waves, it should be clearly noted in the report. If the vessel encounters severe sea conditions and seawater splashes on the hatch covers, there should be clear records in the daily report and deck log for the subsequent issuance of a Letter of Protest (LOP) in case of cargo damage caused thereby.

航运界通常以露点温度（Dew Point Temperature）和 3 度法（3° Rule）来确定是否适合通风。特别需要提醒：对于 3 度法，需要获得装载时准确的货物温度。为了准确地获得货物温度，在装载过程中要多次读数。这正是前文提醒在货物装载时要监测货物温度的原因。

The shipping industry usually uses Dew Point Temperature and the 3° Rule to determine whether ventilation is suitable. A special reminder: for the 3° Rule, it is necessary to obtain the accurate cargo temperature during loading. In order to accurately obtain the cargo temperature, multiple readings should be taken during the loading process. This is the reason why it was reminded earlier to monitor the cargo temperature during loading.

专业指导：

航行中应制定详细的货物监督计划，明确监测频率和责任人。通风操作应严格按照露点温度和 3 度法的要求进行，确保货物处于适宜的储存环境。对于恶劣天气情况，要采取有效的防护措施，减少货物受损的风险。

Professional guidance: A detailed cargo supervision plan should be formulated during the voyage, specifying the monitoring frequency and responsible persons. Ventilation operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of dew point temperature and the 3° Rule to ensure that the cargo is in a suitable storage environment. For severe weather conditions, effective protective measures should be taken to reduce the risk of cargo damage.

10. 到港前移除熏舱药物（注意事项）、货物检查

（Removal of Fumigation Agents Before Arrival (Precautions) and Cargo Inspection）

船舶在抵达卸货港之前，提前联系租家，核实熏舱药剂的清除和处理事宜，提前做好通风，对货仓内空气进行测量，保证各参数在安全范围内。

Before arriving at the discharging port, the vessel should contact the charterer in advance to verify the removal and disposal of fumigation agents, carry out ventilation in advance, and test the air in the cargo hold to ensure that all parameters are within a safe range.

并对货物进行外观检查，把状况及时报告给船东和管理公司。

And conduct a visual inspection of the cargo and report the situation to the shipowner and management company in a timely manner.

专业指导：

移除熏舱药物时，要按照安全操作规程进行，避免人员中毒。通风过程中，要逐步开启货仓通风口，防止因空气压力变化过大对货物造成影响。货物检查要全面细致，重点关注货物的温度、湿度和有无损坏等情况。

Professional guidance: When removing fumigation agents, safe operating procedures should be followed to avoid personnel poisoning. During ventilation, the cargo hold vents should be opened gradually to prevent the cargo from being affected by excessive changes in air pressure. The cargo inspection should be comprehensive and detailed, focusing on the temperature, humidity and damage of the cargo.

11. 到港卸货，提单及保函

（Discharging upon Arrival, Bill of Lading and Letter of Guarantee）

到达卸货港前，提前与代理核实港口是否有吃水限制、是否使用船上的卸货设备、是否凭提单放货。如提单未到达卸货港，应提前通知船东，由船东审核租家出具的保函，并按照船东指示核实接货人信息等。

Before arriving at the discharging port, verify with the agent in advance whether the port has draft restrictions, whether to use the vessel's discharging equipment, and whether to release the cargo against the bill of lading. If the bill of lading has not arrived at the discharging port, the shipowner should be notified in advance. The shipowner will review the letter of guarantee issued by the charterer and verify the consignee's information in accordance with the shipowner's instructions.

卸货期间如有货物溢流洒落在甲板和岸边码头上，则应及时拍照和视频等证据，并签发相应的海事声明（LOP），避免卸货完毕后有大的货数偏差。

If there is cargo overflow on the deck and shore wharf during discharging, evidence such as photos and videos should be taken in a timely manner, and a Letter of Protest (LOP) should be issued to avoid large discrepancies in the quantity of goods after discharging.

专业指导：

卸货前，应与代理、收货人等相关方召开卸货前会议，明确卸货流程和责任分工。卸货过程中，要密切关注货物的卸载情况，对于出现的问题及时处理。对于提单和保函的审核，要严格按照相关法律法规和合同约定进行，确保各方的合法权益。

Professional guidance: Before discharging, a pre-discharging meeting should be held with the agent, consignee and other relevant parties to clarify the discharging process and division of responsibilities. During discharging, pay close attention to the unloading of goods and deal with problems in a timely manner. The review of bills of lading and letters of guarantee should be carried out in strict accordance with relevant laws, regulations and contract agreements to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of all parties.

结论（Conclusion）

谷物运输是一项复杂的系统工程，涉及多个环节和多方主体，每个环节都至关重要。从业人员需严格按照本文所述的操作流程和专业指导进行操作，加强各环节的管理和控制，确保谷物运输的安全、高效进行，最大限度地降低运输风险，保护各方的合法权益。

Grain transportation is a complex systematic project involving multiple links and multiple subjects, and each link is crucial. Practitioners must operate in strict accordance with the operating procedures and professional guidance described in this article, strengthen the management and control of each link, ensure the safe and efficient conduct of grain transportation, minimize transportation risks, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of all parties.

谷物装载在船舶营运中对船舶构成重大挑战，本文的撰写旨在为船长开展谷物运输工作提供必要的提示与协助。文中若有疏漏或谬误，恳请业界同仁不吝探讨与指正。

Grain loading poses significant challenges to ships during their operations. This article is written with the aim of providing necessary reminders and assistance to captains in conducting grain transportation. If there are any omissions or errors in the text, we sincerely invite colleagues in the industry to discuss and correct them.

船长：李亚东

2025.08.16